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OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii and Bifidobacterium triple live bacteria in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea. METHODS Retrieved from PubMed， Embase， the Cochrane Library， CBM， Wanfang data， CNKI and VIP， randomized controlled trials （RCTs） about S. boulardii （S. boulardii group） versus Bifidobacterium triple liver bacteria （Bifidobacterium group） were collected. After screening the literature， extracting data and evaluating the quality， meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS A total of 9 RCTs were included， involving 898 patients. Results of meta-analysis showed there was no statistical significance in total response rate [OR＝1.69， 95%CI （0.93， 3.09）， P＝0.09]， duration of diarrhea [MD＝－1.39， 95%CI （－3.35， 0.57）， P＝0.16]， the time of abdominal pain disappearance [MD＝0.09， 95%CI（－0.87， 1.05），P＝0.86] or the incidence of adverse reactions [OR＝0.65， 95%CI （0.05， 8.03）， P＝0.74]. The number of stools in S. boulardii group was significantly less than Bifidobacterium group [MD＝－0.91， 95%CI （－1.80， －0.02）， P＝0.04]. The results of subgroup analysis showed that the duration of diarrhea in children with antibiotic-associated diarrhea in S. boulardii group was significantly shorter than Bifidobacterium group （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy and safety of S. boulardii are similar to those of Bifidobacterium in the treatment of diarrhea， but S. boulardii is better than Bifidobacterium in terms of stool number， the duration of diarrhea in children with antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
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OBJECTIVE： To analyze the characteristics and regularity of new/severe pediatric ADR in Shandong province， and to promote the safe use of drugs in children. METHODS： A retrospective analysis of new/severe pediatric ADR in the Shandong Provincial ADR database 2016-2017 was conducted in respects of children’s gender and age， primary disease， ADR history， family ADR history， dosage form， route of administration， drug type， systems/organs involved in ADR， clinical manifestations， off-label drug use， drug combination， occurrence time， effects of ADR on primary disease， outcome， etc. RESULTS： A total of 44 742 pediatric ADR cases were collected from Shandong province ADR database from 2016 to 2017， including 27 060 male， 17 664 female and 18 gender unknown. 530 cases were diagnosed as new/severe pediatric ADR， including 334 male and 196 female with ratio of male to female 1.70 ∶ 1. New/severe ADR reports of children aged 1-3 took up the highest proportion （158 cases， 29.81％）. Primary diseases were mainly respiratory disease （190 cases， 25.85％）； there were 10 children with ADR history （1.89％）， 2 with family ADR history （0.38％）. Dosage forms were mainly injection （358 cases， 67.55％）. Route of administration were mainly intravenous drip （431 cases， 81.32％）. The drugs that caused ADR included 20 categories and 162 species， mainly including drug for regulating hydroelectric acid-base balance （148 cases caused by 8 kinds of drugs， 27.92％）， antibiotics （89 cases caused by 33 kinds of drugs， 16.79％）， traditional Chinese medicine and its extract （80 cases caused by 24 kinds of drugs， 15.09％）. The systems/organs involved in ADR were mainly systemic injury （201 cases， 37.92％， main clinical manifestations included chills and fever， etc.）， followed by skin and its appendants （99 cases， 18.68％， mainly clinical manifestations included rash and itching， etc.）， respiratory system （76 cases， 14.43％， main clinical manifestations included dyspnea and cough， etc.）. Off-label drug use were found in 41 cases （7.74％）， including the safety of drug use was not clear in drug instructions （20 cases， 3.77％）； no drug testing was carried out and no reliable references were available （13 cases， 2.45％）， that medicine was prohibited was stated in drug instructions （2 cases， 0.38％）. 106 cases （20.00％） had drug combination， including combined use of two drugs， three drugs and four drugs （62， 36， 8 cases）. ADR occurred mainly within 0-5 min （140 cases， 26.42％）. Among 530 children， ADR had no obvious effect on the outcome of the disease in 457 cases （86.23％）； ADR caused longer course of disease in 57 cases （10.75％）. 278 cases （52.45％） were cured and 243 cases （45.85％） were recovered. CONCLUSIONS： It is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of drug use in children， formulate national standards and relevant laws and regulations for children’s rational drug use， improve the awareness of medical staff to children’s ADR， strengthen the education and publicity of the knowledge about safe drug use in children， and to promote rational drug use.
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Objective To analyze the spatial and temporal clustering characteristics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever and its change pattern in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi provinces in southwestern China in recent years. Methods The incidence data of typhoid and paratyphoid fever cases at county level in 3 provinces during 2001-2012 were collected from China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention and analyzed by the methods of descriptive epidemiology and geographic informatics. And the map showing the spatial and temporal clustering characters of typhoid and paratyphoid fever cases in three provinces was drawn. SaTScan statistics was used to identify the typhoid and paratyphoid fever clustering areas of three provinces in each year from 2001 to 2012. Results During the study period, the reported cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever declined with year. The reported incidence decreased from 30.15 per 100000 in 2001 to 10.83 per 100000 in 2006 (annual incidence 21.12 per 100000);while during 2007-2012, the incidence became stable, ranging from 4.75 per 100000 to 6.83 per 100000 (annual incidence 5.73 per 100000). The seasonal variation of the incidence was consistent in three provinces, with majority of cases occurred in summer and autumn. The spatial and temporal clustering of typhoid and paratyphoid fever was demonstrated by the incidence map. Most high-incidence counties were located in a zonal area extending from Yuxi ofYunnan to Guiyang of Guizhou, but were concentrated in Guilin in Guangxi. Temporal and spatial scan statistics identified the positional shifting of class Ⅰ clustering area from Guizhou to Yunnan. Class Ⅰ clustering area was located around the central and western areas (Zunyi and Anshun) of Guizhou during 2001-2003, and moved to the central area of Yunnan during 2004-2012. Conclusion Spatial and temporal clustering of typhoid and paratyphoid fever existed in the endemic areas of southwestern China, and the clustering area covered a zone connecting the central areas of Guizhou and Yunnan. From 2004 to 2012, the most important clustering area shifted from Guizhou to Yunnan. Findings from this study provided evidence for the identifying key areas for typhoid and paratyphoid fever control and prevention and allocate health resources.
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Objective To analyze the spatial and temporal clustering characteristics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever and its change pattern in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi provinces in southwestern China in recent years. Methods The incidence data of typhoid and paratyphoid fever cases at county level in 3 provinces during 2001-2012 were collected from China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention and analyzed by the methods of descriptive epidemiology and geographic informatics. And the map showing the spatial and temporal clustering characters of typhoid and paratyphoid fever cases in three provinces was drawn. SaTScan statistics was used to identify the typhoid and paratyphoid fever clustering areas of three provinces in each year from 2001 to 2012. Results During the study period, the reported cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever declined with year. The reported incidence decreased from 30.15 per 100000 in 2001 to 10.83 per 100000 in 2006 (annual incidence 21.12 per 100000);while during 2007-2012, the incidence became stable, ranging from 4.75 per 100000 to 6.83 per 100000 (annual incidence 5.73 per 100000). The seasonal variation of the incidence was consistent in three provinces, with majority of cases occurred in summer and autumn. The spatial and temporal clustering of typhoid and paratyphoid fever was demonstrated by the incidence map. Most high-incidence counties were located in a zonal area extending from Yuxi ofYunnan to Guiyang of Guizhou, but were concentrated in Guilin in Guangxi. Temporal and spatial scan statistics identified the positional shifting of class Ⅰ clustering area from Guizhou to Yunnan. Class Ⅰ clustering area was located around the central and western areas (Zunyi and Anshun) of Guizhou during 2001-2003, and moved to the central area of Yunnan during 2004-2012. Conclusion Spatial and temporal clustering of typhoid and paratyphoid fever existed in the endemic areas of southwestern China, and the clustering area covered a zone connecting the central areas of Guizhou and Yunnan. From 2004 to 2012, the most important clustering area shifted from Guizhou to Yunnan. Findings from this study provided evidence for the identifying key areas for typhoid and paratyphoid fever control and prevention and allocate health resources.
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Objective To detect food-specific IgE and IgG in patients with psoriasis.Methods Serum samples were collected from 102 patients with psoriasis,30 patients with chronic eczema,30 patients with chronic urticaria,and 30 healthy check-up examinees.Food-specific IgE and IgG were detected by commercial kits in these samples.Results No significant difference was observed in the detection rate of food-specific IgE or IgG among patients with psoriasis,patients with chronic eczema and patients with chronic urticaria (both P ＞ 0.05).Meanwhile,the detection rate of food-specific IgE and IgG in healthy examinees were statistically different from those in the three groups of patients (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Food allergens seem to be implicated in the development of psoriasis.Moreover,the sources and kinds of food allergens in patients with psoriasis differ from those in patients with chronic eczema and patients with chronic urticaria,which deserves further research.
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ObjectiveTo observe the efficacy and safety of inhaled tiotropium capsule on adult bronchial asthma.MethodsThirty-four adult asthma patients were randomized into two groups.We evaluated the addition of tiotropium bromide to an inhaled glucocorticoid in the treatment group( n =17 ),as compared with the addition of the LABA Formoterol in the control group ( n =17 ).Serial measurements of lung function,symptom control and quality of life were performed.ResultsAfter 8 weeks of treatment,peak expiratory flow (PEF) in the addition of tiotropium bromide group[ ( 359 ± 12 ) L/min vs.( 275 ± 5 ) L/min,P ＜ 0.05 ] and the addition of the LABA Formoterol group [ ( 346 ± 11 ) L/min vs.( 275 ± 9 ) L/min,P ＜ 0.05 ] were significantly higher than those before treatment.The forced expiratory volumes in one second ( FEV1 )were also significantly elevated in both groups [ Tiotropium bromide group:( 2.80 ± 0.28 ) L vs.( 2.30 ± 0.28 ) L,P ＜ 0.05 ; LABA Formoterol group:( 2.69 ± 0.34 ) L vs.( 2.25 ± 0.34 ),P ＜ 0.05 ] compared with pre-treatment.Average dose of emergent drug ( ventolin ) usage were decreased in both groups after treatment [ Tiotropium bromide group:(0.96 ± 0.34 ) puff/d vs.(4.11 ± 1.03 ) puff/d,t =3.05,P ＜ 0.05 ; LABA Formoterol group:( 0.88 ± 0.44 )puff/day vs.( 4.43 ± 0.87 ) puff/day,t =3.23,P ＜ 0.05 ].Meanwhile,significantly improved quality of life scores and alleviation of asthma symptom were found in both groups as compared with baseline ( P ＜ 0.05).However,no significant differences in the above variables after treatment were found between two groups( P ＞0.05 ).ConclusionWhen added to an inhaled glucocorticoid,tiotropium improved symptoms and lung function in patients with inadequately controlled asthma.Its effects appeared to be equivalent to the addition of Formoterol.
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50.0% and increased year by year,the rate of aminoglycoside resistance
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OBJECTIVE:To compare the dissolubilities of Tamoxifen citrate tablets from four domestic pharmaceutical factories METHODS:Rotating basket method and paddle method were used,and Td were calculated by Weibull distribution RESULTS:Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences in Td among the products from different factories,and the dissolubility of the same product detected by rotating basket was slower than that by paddle method CONCLUSION:The dissolubilities of Tamoxifen citrate tablets have significant differences among four different domestic products